Background: Vitamin D DEFICIENCY (VDD) and IRON DEFICIENCY anemia (IDA) are the most common nutritional deficiencies among infants, children, and women around the world. The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of observational and clinical trial studies have been conducted on the effects of DEFICIENCY and improvement of vitamin D and IRON.Materials and methods: We reviewed various types of articles which were indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct and published from January 2010 to December 2014.The keywords used in this study were: vitamin D, vitamin D DEFICIENCY IRON DEFICIENCY anemia, and Micronutrients.Results: The amount of IDA indices depends on the type of material fortified with vitamin D, duration of the intervention, and the amount of increased calcitriol. Lack of vitamin D, increases the risk of IRON DEFICIENCY and vice versa. Age, gender, and menopausal status are effective factors affecting this relationship.Conclusion: Given the importance of the role of IRON in the production of calcitriol, VDD may occur in patients with IDA. On the other hand, VDD through gene expression of hepcid results in reduces IRON bioavailability and thus increase the risk of IDA.

Introduction: the most common cause of anemia is prevalent in 10 percent to 30 percent of the world's population. Inadequate intake of IRON may be an important causative factor, particularly when the body requires more IRON than usual the popular increase of fiber in diets may increase the incidence of IRON-DEFICIENCY anemia because too much fiber in the diet renders available IRON unobservable. . IRON DEFICIENCY occurs in sequential states and is measured by many laboratory tests. The levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit are both decreased, while the red blood cell count may be normal initially, but will decrease as the IRON-DEFICIENCY state continues. The purpose of this investigation is to determined IRON DEFICIENCY during pregnancy.Material and method: Our cross sectional study was done in 500 healthy pregnant women that received prenatal care. Questioners were designed. Blood levels of Hb and Hct were checked during 28-32 gestational age. For analyzing the result we used descriptive tests.Results :the mean age of pregnant women were 25+- 2 , mean Hb renge were 12.3 +- 1.6 .mean Hct range were 36.8+-5.6 .most oh them were primi gravida . All of them used IRON from 16 week oh gestational age.Conclusion: IRON DEFICIENCY during pregnancy affects a significant portion of women in countries with low economic and is not uncommon in pregnant women in industrialized countries. Inadequate intake of IRON related to diets poor in bioavailable IRON is often responsible for IRON DEFICIENCY before pregnancy, and metabolic adjustments are insufficient to meet increasing needs during pregnancy. The effects of IRON DEFICIENCY on the fetus are still controversial. Numerous measures, including the evaluation of erythrocyte ferritin, favor the hypothesis that the level of IRON stores in newborns is related to maternal IRON status and that the materno-fetal unit is dependent on exogenous IRON, which is necessary to prevent IRON DEFICIENCY in both mothers and infants. In industrialized countries, IRON supplements should be prescribed for pregnant women in the third trimester, when the need for IRON is prominent. In developing countries, supplementation should be initiated as soon as possible after conception because of the high prevalence of IRON DEFICIENCY at the onset of pregnancy. The results of studies show daily supplementation reduce anemia during pregnancy.

Background: Visual evoked potential is one of the main methods to investigate visual pathway. Some studies in children show that IRON DEFICIENCY anemia affects on visual evoked potential waves. In this study, we evaluated the effect of IRON DEFICIENCY and IRON DEFICIENCY anemia on visual evoked potential in adults.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 99 non-pregnant women. Patients divided into three groups. Women whose ferritin and hemoglobin levels are less 15 ng/1 and 12 mg/dl placed in IRON DEFICIENCY aimena group, women whose ferritin level is less than 15 ng/1 and hemoglobin level is more than 12 mg/dl, placed in IRON DEFICIENCY puorg and women whose ferritin and hemoglobin levels are more than 50 ng/1 and 12 mg/dl, chosen as control group. Visual evoked potential was done from both eyes and the results evaluated by ANOVA test.Results: The average of N75 latency was 65.24±5.06 miliscecond in anemia group, 66.27±7.77 miliscecond in IRON DEFICIENCY group and 67.19±6.79 miliscecond in control group. The average of P100 latency was 101.60±9.05 miliscecond in anemia group, 102.75±7.91 miliscecond in IRON DEFICIENCY group and 100.67±7.34 miliscecond in control group. The average of N135 latency was 139.18±31.21 miliscecond in anemia group, 144.81±10.73 miliscecond in IRON DEFICIENCY group and 141.81±10.73 miliscecond in control group. There is no significant difference between the average of waves’ latency in IRON DEFICIENCY and anemic groups with control group.Conclusion: IRON DEFICIENCY and IRON DEFICIENCY anemia don’t make any disruptions on visual evoked potential and are not considered as confounding factor of visual evoked potential in adults.

Introduction: Anemia in pregnancy is a major health problem in many developing countries. IRON DEFICIENCY, the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy worldwide, can be mild, moderate or severe. IRON DEFICIENCY anemia during pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight. IRON DEFICIENCY is considered to contribute to death and disability as a risk factor for prenatal mortality, and also through its direct contributions to cognitive impairment.Methodology: this is a review article that obtained with collect of information from valid sites. Results: requirements for absorbed IRON increase during pregnancy from 0.8mg/day in the first trimester to 7.5mg/day in the third trimester. The physiologic IRON requirements in the second half of gestation cannot be fulfilled solely through dietary IRON. IRON supplements during gestation consistently increase serum ferritin and hemoglobin and reduce the prevalence of IRON DEFICIENCY anemia. The prevalence of prepartum anemia in the third trimester ranges 14-25% in women taking placebo and 0-25% in women taking IRON supplements. IRON has a negative influence on absorption of other divalent metals and increases oxidative stress in pregnancy, for which reason minimum effective IRON dose should be advised.Discussion and conclusions: IRON DEFICIENCY may have deleterious effects for intelligence and behavioral development. It is important to prevent IRON DEFICIENCY in the fetus by preventing IRON DEFICIENCY in the pregnant woman. IRON DEFICIENCY anemia is efficiently prevented by oral IRON supplements in doses of 30-40 mg taken at bedtime or between meals to ensure optimum absorption.

Background: Deficiencies in micronutrients are a major health issue in all ages, especially children, in developing countries. Severe or long-term IRON DEFICIENCY will lead to IRON DEFICIENCY anemia and thus affect children’s growth and development. This review article tried to determine the neurodevelopmental effects of DEFICIENCY in this micronutrient among children.Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, ISI, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iran Medex, and SID databases. “IRON DEFICIENCY”, “child”, “infant”, “development”, and “developmental delay” were used as keywords. A total of 150 articles on the relation between IRON DEFICIENCY and developmental and nervous system disorders in children were retrieved. After further evaluations, 88 articles were excluded and only 62 articles (published during 1989-2014) were considered.Results: Review of the literature revealed relations between IRON DEFICIENCY in infants and impairment of neurotransmitter metabolism, hypo myelination in the brain, attention deficit, reduced learning ability, cognitive disability, auditory system disorders, abnormal sleep patterns, and developmental delay.Conclusion: Apparently, IRON DEFICIENCY exerts undeniable neurodevelopmental effects in children. Considering the significance of children in the future of a country, appropriate measures need to be taken to ensure timely prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of IRON DEFICIENCY.

Introduction: It is generally assumed that 50% of the cases of anemia are due to IRON DEFICIENCY. The most severe consequence of IRON depletion is IRON DEFICIENCY anemia (IDA), and it is still considered the most common nutrition DEFICIENCY worldwide. The main risk factors for IDA include: inadequate IRON intake, impaired absorption or transport, physiologic losses associated with chronological or reproductive age, or acute or chronic blood loss, parasite infections such as hookworms, acute and chronic infections, including malaria, cancer, tuberculosis, HIV and other micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamins A and B12, folate, riboflavin, and copper DEFICIENCY.Methods: This work as a cross-sectional study was done in 2007-2008 in Yazd. Two hundred girls who participated in the study were selected randomly from eight girl high schools. Five ml venous blood was collected for determination of serum ferritin and cell blood count (CBC). Serum ferritin was determined by using ECLIA method and CBC by cell counter SYSMEX KX21N. IRON DEFICIENCY was defined as having serum ferritin values below 12 m/l. Anemia was defined as having Hemoglobin levels below12 g/dl. IRONDEFICIENCY anemia was considered to be the combination of both.Results: The3 mean age(years) and body mass index (kg/m2) were 15.19±0.7years and 21.5±4.2, respectively. Distribution in the 14, 15 and 16 years and more age groups were 13, 58.5 and 28.5 percent, respectively. Mean of Hemoglobin(g/dl), Hematocrit(%), MCV (fl), MCH (pg), MCHC (g/dl) and ferritin(m/l) were 12.8±0.9, 38.9±3.0, 80.7±4.3, 26.6±1.8, 33.2±3.6 and 23±18.2, respectively. Of the total, 13.5% were anemic, 68% of which had IRON DEFICIENCY Anemia (9.3% of the total). IRON DEFICIENCY was present in 34.7% of the population under study.Conclusion: According to world health organization criteria, anemia is a mild public health problem in this region, but IRON DEFICIENCY is a significant problem and suitable measures for control and prevention of it should be undertaken.